VPN protocols determine how your data travels between devices and servers. Choosing the right one affects speed, security, and compatibility. We'll break down each major protocol so you can match it to your needs—whether that's streaming, torrenting, or maximum privacy.
Best VPNs by protocol flexibility
ExpressVPN
- Lightway protocol (fastest for streaming)
- OpenVPN & IKEv2 options
- Works in restrictive regions
How VPN protocols work
Protocols are sets of rules that encrypt and route your internet traffic. They differ in:
- Encryption strength (AES-256 vs. ChaCha20)
- Connection method (TCP reliability vs. UDP speed)
- Handshake process (how devices verify each other)
Most VPNs let you switch protocols in their app settings. For daily use, modern options like WireGuard or Lightway offer the best balance.
Protocol comparison
| Protocol | Best for | Speed | Security |
|---|---|---|---|
| WireGuard/NordLynx | Gaming, mobile data | ★★★★★ | Modern encryption |
| Lightway (ExpressVPN) | Streaming, quick connects | ★★★★☆ | Audited code |
| OpenVPN | Privacy, legacy devices | ★★★☆☆ | Battle-tested |
| IKEv2/IPsec | Mobile switching (WiFi→cellular) | ★★★★☆ | Good for iOS |
| SSTP | Bypassing firewalls | ★★☆☆☆ | Windows-only |
For most users, NordVPN's NordLynx or ExpressVPN's Lightway provide the best mix of speed and security.
When to change protocols
- Slow speeds: Switch from OpenVPN to WireGuard
- Connection drops: Try TCP instead of UDP
- Strict networks: Use obfuscated servers or Stealth
- Older devices: Fall back to IKEv2
Most VPN apps auto-select the optimal protocol, but manual changes can help troubleshoot. See our VPN tools guide for advanced tweaks.
Protocol FAQs
Is WireGuard safe if it's newer than OpenVPN?
Yes—WireGuard uses modern cryptography (ChaCha20) and has undergone formal verification. Its smaller codebase means fewer potential vulnerabilities.
Why does my VPN app hide protocol settings?
Simplified apps (like Surfshark) auto-choose based on your network. Look for “Advanced” settings to override this.
Which protocol works in China?
Obfuscated protocols like Shadowsocks or Stealth (in Proton VPN) bypass the Great Firewall best. Avoid PPTP—it's both blocked and insecure.
Do protocols affect battery life?
Yes. Lightway and WireGuard use less power than OpenVPN because they require fewer computations. Helpful for mobile devices.
Get the right protocol for your needs
For most users, we recommend ExpressVPN (Lightway) or NordVPN (NordLynx). Both offer:
- Auto-selection of the fastest protocol
- Manual override when needed
- 30-day money-back guarantees
